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EHR Workstation Designed by Amateurs

Below is an actual workstation, in an ICU of a major regional hospital, to permit interaction with an already <a href="http://www.tinyurl.com/hostileuserexper">mission-hostile</a> EHR system: <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKoy5uEINVofkrjR5_5G5ZrmzgCLArIt7CcdS5gk9wM-Qk7T-GFlFldfLqcLmUCunoYoyO67RRcsE0m8z8C9CURrpn6rUBQQJlV7kDx8oXLsYMoLGy1k5jVS78peWOw-fFcwgh_jEN40m0/s1600/EHR_workstation.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5704232947644786402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKoy5uEINVofkrjR5_5G5ZrmzgCLArIt7CcdS5gk9wM-Qk7T-GFlFldfLqcLmUCunoYoyO67RRcsE0m8z8C9CURrpn6rUBQQJlV7kDx8oXLsYMoLGy1k5jVS78peWOw-fFcwgh_jEN40m0/s320/EHR_workstation.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 222px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 367px;" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">How many things are wrong here? (Click to enlarge) <div style="text-align: left;">I can charitably say this workstation, in this recent picture, was designed by amateurs. Less charitably, I would use the words 'glaring incompetents.' How many things are wrong here? For starters (commenters are welcome to suggest additions to the list): <ul><li>Small square (4x3) monitor, when large 16x9 monitors are available quite cheaply, even at retail let alone in bulk;</li></ul><ul><li>Monitor in front of window so on sunny days, glare causes eye strain;</li></ul><ul><li>Monitor forces user to look away from the patient, with their back facing the patient behind them;</li></ul><ul><li>Standard keyboard and mouse to help spread infection, not medical-specialty devices such as membrane-based or membrane-covered keyboards and easily cleanable trackpads;</li></ul><ul><li>Very slow, small, toy-ish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettop">nettop computer</a>, to facilitate responsiveness delays;</li></ul><ul><li>Height of ledge with keyboard/mouse and of elevated monitor on ledge does not facilitate comfortable ergonomics when sitting, note chair in background (or standing as is intended, either, although I don't recall ever making entries in the permanent paper chart on my feet). It seems nobody ever heard of an appropriate moveable workstation desk;</li></ul><ul><li>Tangle of wires behind setup, without any protective sheath or shield, facilitates "accidents."</li></ul> There are probably a few more "issues" I'm missing. There is nothing to argue here and nothing to debate. Combined with the mission hostile virtual user interfaces presented by health IT software itself, this is inexcusable. Apart from designers, any physicians (and nurses) who would accept such poor choices - and the cause of this workstation's problems were, in fact, deliberate choices - are either weak-kneed victims of "<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2007/10/physicians-learned-helplessness.html">physician's learned helplessness</a>" themselves, or enjoy EHR-induced medical errors and lawsuits. The workstations are poorly designed like this all throughout this hospital, including the ED. This is not the first time I've observed this type of amateurism in hospitals. I observed similar issues in <a href="http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/faculty/ssilverstein/cases/?loc=cases&sloc=clinical%20computing%20problems%20in%20ICU">another ICU</a> - over a decade ago. Hospitals are truly an IT backwater. -- SS</div></div>

EHR Workstation Designed by Amateurs

Below is an actual workstation, in an ICU of a major regional hospital, to permit interaction with an already mission-hostile EHR system: H...

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What is Life is Really Like in Pharma? - These xtranormal Video Cartoons Come Close.

Sadly, the 'xtranormal' video cartoons at the following URL capture all too well what life is like in the pharmaceutical industry - buzzwords, neologisms, nouns turned into verbs, new paradigms, team players - and per the site, endless inane "initiatives" and related threats to sanity. I've been there; while a parody, these videos are uncomfortably close to reality. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/ZombieSymmetry/feed"> http://www.youtube.com/user/ZombieSymmetry/feed</a> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjW3ZHtixsCfG9CBqzXYLcqBNdPxJfgRiMWhP1TfVsbPKNV6NDp0c-JUoAgxIMPsWulXxYRPYLY-gj7lra6MFhMEeztKzp0-SCnEJXtxVUCA56iMar4JHzQEluGSW11Qq3_GrgN-Rn7a9/s1600/future_of_pharma.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5704053254550054114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjW3ZHtixsCfG9CBqzXYLcqBNdPxJfgRiMWhP1TfVsbPKNV6NDp0c-JUoAgxIMPsWulXxYRPYLY-gj7lra6MFhMEeztKzp0-SCnEJXtxVUCA56iMar4JHzQEluGSW11Qq3_GrgN-Rn7a9/s320/future_of_pharma.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 382px; height: 260px;" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">"I'll have to ideate on that for awhile, Mike" </div> Even sadder are managers who believe their own babble. -- SS

What is Life is Really Like in Pharma? - These xtranormal Video Cartoons Come Close.

Sadly, the 'xtranormal' video cartoons at the following URL capture all too well what life is like in the pharmaceutical industry - ...

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How the Anechoic Effect Is Institutionalized - A Hospital Policy Against Unsupervised Discussion with the Media

In a single sentence, a short, obscure <a href="http://www.wbjournal.com/news50656.html">article </a>in the Worcester (MA) Business Journal on life at a community hospital after a for-profit corporate take-over: <blockquote>Several Nashoba employees, who didn't want their names used because it's against hospital policy to talk to the media without authorization, said they're happy with the new insurance plan.</blockquote> We have often discussed the <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/anechoic%20effect">anechoic effect</a>, how cases involving or discussions of the topics we address on <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/">Health Care Renewal</a>, the concentration and abuse of power in health care, fail to produce any responses, or echoes.  It was almost an aside, but the sentence above provides evidence of the existence of apparently blanket hospital policies against unsupervised discussion with the media. Here is an example of the institutionalization of the anechoic effect. This example raises three immediate questions. How prevalent is this? How long has it been going on? What is it meant to hide? Prevalence This article is only about a single hospital. However, the context of the article is the take-over of Nashoba Hospital by Steward Health Care. <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/Steward%20Health%20Care">Steward Health Care</a> is a for-profit health care corporation that grew out of the take-over of the formerly not-for-profit <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/Caritas%20Christi">Caritas Christi</a> health system by the private equity firm <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/Cerberus">Cerberus Capital Management</a>. Steward Health Care now comprises <a href="http://www.steward.org/our-hospitals.html"> eight hospitals</a>, and also owns physician practices (apparently including over 2000 doctors based on a quick search using its <a href="http://www.stewardhealth.org/doctorfinder/search_form">"doctor finder" function</a>.) Thus it is likely that the policy at Nashoba Hospital that prevents unsupervised discussion with the media also applies at seven other hospitals, and perhaps to the practices of over 2000 doctors. Thus it is very likely that this hospital gag policy is not unique, and may be widespread. However, recursively, the existence of such gag policies will make it hard to determine their own prevalence. Note that we have posted a few times about confidentiality clauses mainly within physicians' contracts <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/confidentiality%20clause">here</a>. Duration This policy is likely relatively new, since the take-over of Caritas Christi by Cerberus occurred in 2010. My guess is that the rise of such policies may parallel the resurgence of for-profit hospitals and hospital systems, and perhaps the new involvement of <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/private%20equity">private equity firms</a> in such organizations. In my humble experience, gag policies and confidentiality clauses at least within non-profit teaching hospitals were virtually unheard of from the time I began medical school (1974) to when I left my last full-time academic medical position (2005). Note that we<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2012/01/barbarians-at-gate-making-private.html"> recently found out</a> (because of investigative journalism about presidential candidate Mitt Romney's previous involvement with private equity firm Bain Capital) that such firms are generally rebranded leveraged buy-out firms. They have become known for their secretiveness. Therefore, maybe it should not be surprising that they have imposed such secretiveness on hospitals and health care professionals. Rationale  The big question is why should hospital employees not be allowed to talk to the media without management supervision? I can only speculate. In this case, perhaps such secretiveness is just the habit of the private equity executives who now run the hospital system. Even if this is the reason, they ought to reconsider. Hospitals and health care professionals due have a solemn obligation to keep confidential their patients' medical information. However, otherwise health care organizations and health care professionals ought to be as transparent as possible. Maintaining such a level of secrecy could lead to some suspicions, for example, that the generic managers of the organization distrust the professionals they hire who actually provide patient care; worse, that the managers fear discussion that might question their actions or abilities; worse, that the managers want to silence whistle-blowers; or even worse, that the managers have something unethical or illegal to hide. That is all speculation, of course. On the other hand, we have discussed again and again how the anechoic effect has stifled discussion of what is wrong with health care, and hence prevented meaningful health care reform. Gagging hospital employees is an obvious extension and institutionalization of the anechoic effect. It should not be done, because we need honest discussion of what is really wrong with health care so we can come up with some real solutions.

How the Anechoic Effect Is Institutionalized - A Hospital Policy Against Unsupervised Discussion with the Media

In a single sentence, a short, obscure article in the Worcester (MA) Business Journal on life at a community hospital after a for-profit cor...

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Can You Sue the Government? FDA Whistleblowers Sue Over Surveillance of Personal e-Mail

From the Washington Post: <blockquote><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fda-staffers-sue-agency-over-surveillance-of-personal-e-mail/2012/01/23/gIQAj34DbQ_story.html?sub=AR">FDA staffers sue agency over surveillance of personal e-mail</a> Ellen Nakashima and Lisa Rein January 29, 2012 The Food and Drug Administration secretly monitored the personal e-mail of a group of its own scientists and doctors after they [the scientists - ed.] warned Congress that the agency was approving medical devices that they believed posed unacceptable risks to patients, government documents show. The surveillance — detailed in e-mails and memos unearthed by six of the scientists and doctors, who filed a lawsuit against the FDA in U.S. District Court in Washington last week — took place over two years as the plaintiffs accessed their personal Gmail accounts from government computers.</blockquote> While accessing Gmail from government computers was not a wise idea, since all traffic over an institutional PC and network can be monitored, these Gmails were apparently to members of Congress. <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/documents/fda-whistleblowers-3.html#document/p1/a43233"></a><blockquote><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/documents/fda-whistleblowers-3.html#document/p1/a43233">Copies of the e-mails</a> show that, starting in January 2009, the FDA intercepted communications with congressional staffers and draft versions of <a href="http://www.whistleblowers.org/">whistleblower complaints</a> complete with editing notes in the margins. The agency also took electronic snapshots of the computer desktops of the FDA employees and reviewed documents they saved on the hard drives of their government computers.</blockquote> See sample emails at link above. <blockquote>Information garnered this way eventually contributed to the harassment or dismissal of all six of the FDA employees, the suit alleges. All had worked in an office responsible for reviewing devices for cancer screening and other purposes.</blockquote> That's very unfortunate. It will be far more unfortunate if the warnings of the six, as in <a href="http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/faculty/ssilverstein/cases/?loc=cases&sloc=lawsuit">this whistleblower case</a>, went unheeded, and patients are injured or die as a result. In that case, FDA bureaucrats might have been accessories to those injuries or deaths. <blockquote>“Who would have thought that they would have the nerve to be monitoring my communications to Congress?” said Robert C. Smith, one of the plaintiffs in the suit, a former radiology professor at Yale and Cornell universities who worked as a device reviewer at the FDA until his contract was not renewed in July 2010. “How dare they?” </blockquote> I, on the other hand, would have expected it. It would have been far more prudent to send such emails from a private home computer and ISP. <blockquote>The scientists and doctors denied sharing information improperly. The HHS inspector general’s office, which oversees FDA operations, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/documents/fda-whistleblowers-2.html/#document/p1/a43237">declined to pursue an investigation</a>, finding no evidence of criminal conduct. It also said that the doctors and scientists had a legal right to air their concerns to Congress or journalists.FDA officials sought a second time that year to initiate action against the scientists and doctors. “We have obtained new information confirming the existence of information disclosures that undermine the integrity and mission of the FDA and, we believe, may be prohibited by law,” wrote Jeffrey Shuren, director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, on June 28, 2010.The inspector general, after consulting with federal prosecutors, declined the second request, as well.</blockquote> The IG office seemed to find the behavior legal, but FDA bureaucrats apparently did not like non-team players. <blockquote>The FDA scientists and doctors, all of whom worked for the agency’s <a href="http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDRH/CDRHOffices/ucm115879.htm">Office of Device Evaluation</a>, said they first made internal complaints beginning in 2007 that the agency had approved or was on the verge of approving at least a dozen radiological devices whose effectiveness was not proven and that posed risks to millions of patients. Frustrated, they also brought their concerns to Congress, the White House and the HHS inspector general.Three of the devices risked missing signs of breast cancer, the scientists and doctors warned, according to documents and interviews. Another risked falsely diagnosing osteoporosis, leading to unnecessary treatments; one ultrasound device could malfunction while monitoring pregnant women in labor, risking harm to the fetus; and several devices for colon cancer screening used such heavy doses of radiation that they risked causing cancer in otherwise healthy people, the FDA scientists and doctors said.</blockquote> Permit me to wonder if <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/regulatory%20capture">regulatory capture</a> played a role in these decisions. One might also wonder if complaints about electronic health records or other clinical IT, admitted by FDA to be a medical device "<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/04/fda-decides-regulating-implantable.html">political hot potato</a>" they elected to not regulate, were also involved. <blockquote>... The first documented FDA interception was of an e-mail dated Jan. 29, 2009, shortly after the letter from Ferry. In it, device reviewer Paul T. Hardy asked a congressional aide, Joanne Royce, for assurances that “it is not a crime to provide information to the Congress about potential misconduct by another Agency employee.”Royce replied: “[Y]ou and your colleagues have committed no crime. . . . you guys didn’t even provide confidential business information to Congress.”</blockquote> The only 'crime' was apparently not being a 'team player', which on Healthcare Renewal <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/12/ehr-mission-hostile-user-experience.html">has been defined as</a> someone who is silent, or silenced, or a co-conspirator regarding managerial mediocrity, malfeasance, or madness. <blockquote>Hardy, who is among the six employees who filed the suit, was fired in November after a negative performance review; an internal FDA letter obtained in separate litigation quoted managers saying they did not “trust” him. Of the other five scientists and doctors, the suit says two did not have their contracts renewed, two suffered harassment and werepassed over for promotions, and one was fired.</blockquote> Trust him to do - what, I ask? Read the whole WaPo article. Plaintiff's lawyers need to be aware of this event, and I intend to make them aware. -- SS Feb. 13, 2012 addendum: A link to Darrell Issa's letter to FDA Commissioner Hamburg is <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2012/02/congressman-darrell-issa-fdas-email.html">here</a>. -- SS

Can You Sue the Government? FDA Whistleblowers Sue Over Surveillance of Personal e-Mail

From the Washington Post: FDA staffers sue agency over surveillance of personal e-mail Ellen Nakashima and Lisa Rein January 29, 2012 The Fo...

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Elephants We Can Notice But Cannot Name

We have often discussed the <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/anechoic%20effect">anechoic effect</a>, how cases involving or discussions of the topics we address on <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/">Health Care Renewal</a>, the concentration and abuse of power in health care, fail to produce any responses, or echoes.  Last month, an article with the provocative title, "Elephants in Academic Medicine," by Souba et al addressed the anechoic effect, but was unable to discuss what people in academic medicine cannot discuss.(1) "Organizational Silence" In summary, the authors surveyed chairs of departments of medicine and surgery at all accredited US medical schools to ask about the "elephants in their living rooms." By this they meant the problems which people are unwilling to discuss at their medical schools.  Their goal was to assess "organizational silence" in academic medicine, as they discussed in their introduction: <blockquote>Morrison and Milliken popularized the term 'organizational silence,' which refers to the collective-level phenomenon of doing or saying very little about the problems facing an organization. Organizational silence derives both from people's fears of negative feedback and from a set of behavioral cues adopted by supervisors that lead to structures, procedures, and processes that discourage speaking up. Two common structural features of organizations that foster organizational silence are centralized decision making and a lack of formal feedback mechanisms. Some organizations face an apparent dilemma in which employees know the truth about specific problems within the organization yet dare not speak that truth to their superiors. A key factor that fosters the creation of a climate of organizational silence is senior leaders' fears of receiving criticism, especially from subordinates. The unwritten message from the top is 'No bad or unpleasant news.' Fearing retaliation or the label 'not a team player' if they speak their minds, subordinates become silent; even if they do speak up, they may discover that their feedback is disregarded. A culture of silence becomes ingrained.</blockquote> Methods The investigators sought to learn from these academic leaders: <blockquote>(1) What are the major elephants in your AHC [academic health center]? (2) What do you believe to be the most prevalent reasons people do not speak up? and (3) What are the consequences of remaining silent? </blockquote> The survey response rate was 55%. The major elephants, in the order that they were ranked by the participants, were - misalignment between goals and available resources - ignoring information that clearly indicates a performance problem - unwillingness to give up on a failed strategy - unwillingness to speak up about inequities (e.g., pay, space, favoritism, special deals) - failure to deal with disruptive behavior The wording of these items were chosen by the investigators. The survey allowed for respondents to write in additional items, but the paper did not discuss any such responses. Its discussion of the results did not further define the nature of any elephants. In addition, survey results suggested that more open discussion is unlikely to be in the offing. - The majority of respondents thought that the elephants were someone else's problem: <blockquote>Both chairs of surgery and of medicine believed that elephants are more commonly ignored by deans and hospital leaders than by other department chairs or themselves. Surgery chairs were more likely to say that hospital leaders ignore elephants, whereas medicine chairs were more likely to say that deans disregard elephants.</blockquote> - The majority thought that other leaders did not encourage discussion of elephants: <blockquote>Only 52 of the chairs (37%) said that elephants are usually discussed in an appropriate venue, whereas 87 (63%) said that elephants are discussed in less constructive venues or not discussed at all. Less than a quarter of the chairs (32; 23%) reported that the top leaders at their institutions actually encourage people to call out and deal with elephants. More commonly, the chairs (77; 55%) reported that the top leaders of their institutions say they want people to be frank about elephants, but their actions or nonverbal cues indicate otherwise. A higher percentage of medicine chairs than of surgery chairs (16 of 53 [30%] versus 16 of 86 [19%]), said that top leaders pretend that elephants do not exist.</blockquote> - An important minority did not think the elephants were a problem at all: <blockquote>nearly a fifth (26 of 139; 19%) agreed that, indeed, some issues are best left undiscussed.</blockquote> - While the majority favored discussing elephants, they did not think it would be easy to do so: <blockquote>two-thirds (92 of 137; 67%) felt that creating a culture in which elephants are openly discussed would be very or moderately difficult. </blockquote> Their and Our Discussion It was particularly striking that an article about elephants in the living room did not more fully describe what sorts of elephants they were. The descriptions of elephants above, taken verbatim from the survey instrument, were vague. They were not clarified in the discussion section of the article. Particularly lacking were the sort of nasty elephants described by Pololi et al in a qualitative study of barriers to the advancement of primary care faculty.(2) As we summarized in our letter,(3) these elephants included academic leaders who put revenues ahead of patient care, teaching, and research; and who allegedly used deception for personal gain. Also lacking were nasty elephants we have discussed on <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/">Health Care Renewal</a>. We have discussed examples of self-interested, <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/conflicts%20of%20interest">conflicted</a>, and <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/health%20care%20corruption">corrupt</a> leadership of health care organizations, including academic medical institutions. I am glad that Souba et al brought up the topic of elephants in academic medicine's living room. However, I am disappointed that these elephants were never clearly identified. It seems that while we are getting to the point of being able to say there are things we cannot say, we are not yet at the point of saying what those things are. The strength of the anechoic effect is demonstrated by cases in which we cannot talk about what we cannot talk about. Souba et al concluded: <blockquote>We believe that AHCs are designed, often subconsciously, to keep the range of conversation limited to a few voices, usually the voices of those in power. The powerful silence the voices of others because they consider others' views to be either contrary to the status quo or of limited value.</blockquote> We would add that those in power often may value the status quo not merely because of philosophical conservatism, but because maintaining the status quo supports their self interest. In particular, it has become increasingly lucrative to be in a leadership position in a health care organization, even in a non-profit academic institution. <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/executive%20compensation">Executive compensation</a> at these institutions has been rising inexorably, driven by increasing <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/institutional%20conflicts%20of%20interest">institutional relationships with corporate health care</a>. Individuals in leadership positions in academic medicine frequently have their own, increasingly lucrative financial relationships with the health care industry. (A study by Campbell et al showed that the majority of department chairs, like those who answered the survey above, have such relationships.[4]) Ever increasing hunger for institutional and personal revenue may lead to a variety of practices that are<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/mission-hostile%20management"> hostile to the academic and professional mission</a>.  Discussing any of these aspects of the status quo may offend and threaten those who are profiting from it.  However, as long as we cannot even talk about such problems, the problems will only get worse. References 1. Souba W, Way D, Lucey C, Sedmak D, Notestine M. Acad Medicine 2011; 86: 1492-1499.  Link <a href="http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2011/12000/Elephants_in_Academic_Medicine.9.aspx">here</a>. 2. Pololi L, Kern DE, Carr P, Conrad P, Knight S. The culture of academic medicine: faculty perceptions of the lack of alignment between individual and institutional values. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24: 1289-95. Link <a href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/focus/user_documents/CultureofAcademicMedicine_Pololijgim.pdf">here</a>. 3. Poses RM, Smith WR. Faculty values. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25: 646. Link <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2881965/">here</a>. 4.  Campbell EG, Weissman JS, Ehringhaus S et al. Institutional academic-industry relationships. JAMA 2007; 298: 1779-1786, link <a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/298/15/1779">here</a>.]

Elephants We Can Notice But Cannot Name

We have often discussed the anechoic effect , how cases involving or discussions of the topics we address on Health Care Renewal , the conce...

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Wikipedia page on EHR's: ==Disadvantages== material seems to keep disappearing

It's interesting how most of the information below seems to have a hard time "staying put" on the Wikipedia page for "Electronic Health Record" at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_health_record">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_health_record</a> The information is presented in a neutral fashion from impeccable sources. Yet several Wikipedia "editors" take issue with it and, rather then editing it or refuting it (and stating their rationale and sources!), they keep deleting it. (The most recent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_health_record&action=edit">edit history comments</a> follow this "disappearing" information, at the bottom of this post): <blockquote style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;">==Disadvantages== <ref name="cbo2008/"></ref> <ref></ref>===Software quality and usability deficiencies=== EHR software is unregulated, unlike computer systems used both in the development and production of, and as a part of pharmaceutical products, medical devices, food, blood establishments, tissue establishments, and clinical trials.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_%28drug_manufacture%29</ref> Other life-critical industries also have strict software validation and testing standards, e.g., Federal Aviation Administration, NASA.<ref>http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1019261</ref><ref>http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040014965_2004000657.pdf</ref>. As a result, EHR software quality and usability is often suboptimal. For example, in "A study of an Enterprise Health information System", March 2011, a Medical Informatics researcher at [[University of Sydney]] in Australia found that a major EHR system for Emergency Departments slated for deployment in the public hospitals of [[New South Wales]] has serious deficiencies in software architecture and fit with clinician workflow. These deficiencies make it difficult to use and unreliable in terms of data integrity and loss, in one of the most demanding of clinical environments .<ref>http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/it/~hitru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=146</ref> The [[Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society]] (HIMSS), a very large U.S. healthcare IT industry trade group, observed that EHR adoption rates "have been slower than expected in the United States, especially in comparison to other industry sectors and other developed countries. A key reason, aside from initial costs and lost productivity during EMR implementation, is lack of efficiency and usability of EMRs currently available."<ref>http://www.himss.org/content/files/HIMSS_DefiningandTestingEMRUsability.pdf</ref> Serious reliability and usability problems with the U.S. Department of Defense’s [[AHLTA]] EHR system have been reported to the Congress.<ref>http://www.usmedicine.com/articles/electronic-records-system-unreliable-difficult-to-use-service-officials-tell-congress.html</ref> The U.S. [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) issued a Sept. 2011 report on deficient usability of current EHR systems, with recommendations for usability evaluation, testing and validation.<ref>http://www.nist.gov/healthcare/usability/upload/Draft_EUP_09_28_11.pdf</ref> ===Unintended adverse consequences=== EHRs can introduce new unintended consequences, compared to paper records, and adverse outcomes, including patient injury and death, according to regualtory and governmental agencies, researchers, and others; for example, in an internal 2009 FDA memorandum<ref>http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/faculty/ssilverstein/Internal-FDA-Report-on-Adverse-Events-Involving-Health-Information-IT.pdf</ref> of Feb. 23, 2010 obtained and released by the Huffington Post Investigative Fund<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20110425002322/http://huffpostfund.org/stories/2010/08/fda-obama-digital-medical-records-team-odds-over-safety-oversight</ref>, EHR-related medical errors are categorized as: errors of commission (EOC), errors of omission or transmission (EOT), errors in data analysis (EDA), and incompatibility between multi-vendor software applications or systems (ISMA). The [[National Health Service]] (NHS) in the UK reports specific examples of EHR-caused patient harms in a 2009 document on guidance on the management of clinical risk relating to the deployment and use of health software, Annex A "Examples of potential harm presented by health software."<ref>http://www.isb.nhs.uk/documents/isb-0160/dscn-18-2009/0160182009specification.pdf</ref>. Also, in "Research in Ambulatory Patient Safety 2000–2010: A 10-year review", Dec. 2011<ref>http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/ethics/research-ambulatory-patient-safety.pdf</ref>, the American Medical Association reports: <blockquote>:While health IT may confer benefits, some research has also suggested that health IT systems can create new issues or exacerbate existing problems. Wachter noted that, “[i]n both professional and lay publications, concerns have been raised that today’s electronic health records promote the copying and pasting of clinical information, instead of its thoughtful analysis; foster a focus on completing computerized checklists and templates rather than detailed probing of the patient’s history, and support less thoughtful diagnostic reasoning and more automatic behavior on the part of caregivers." Research indicates that a great deal depends on the design of the health information technology system, with poorly designed systems contributing to instances of errors (Ash et al). Where user interface designs are cumbersome to use and do not fit into the clinician’s natural work context, some have noted the potential for “cognitive overload,” among other reactions, and ultimately the possibility of increasing errors in data entry and retrieval as well as errors in the process of communication and coordination (Ash et al, Singh et al).</blockquote> In the U.S., FDA's MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) database<ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfMAUDE/search.CFM</ref>reveals many reported EHR problems, some of which could result in patient injury or death <ref>http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/01/maude-and-hit-risk-mother-mary-what-in.html</ref>. Both FDA (in the 2010 memo referenced above) and the [[Institute of Medicine]] of the National Academies in a 2011 study <ref>http://www.modernhealthcare.com/Assets/pdf/CH76254118.PDF</ref> reveal that EHR-related injuries and deaths are real, but the true extent is likely understated, they report, due to numerous factors impeding diffusion of knowledge such as contractual gag and hold harmless clauses<ref>http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/301/12/1276.extract</ref> and lack of familiarity by users of where to report EHR-related adverse events (per aforementioned 2009 FDA internal memo). A Medical Informatics researcher in the U.S. has compiled a well-referenced teaching site that covers unintended consequences of EHRs, health IT project difficulties and failure and related issues<ref>{{cite web | last=Silverstein| first=Scot| year=2012 | url=http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/faculty/ssilverstein/cases/ | title=Contemporary Issues in Medical Informatics: Common Examples of Healthcare Information Technology Difficulties| publisher=Drexel University |accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref>. The literature is conflicting on benefits and harms of EHRs <ref>http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/02/updated-reading-list-on-health-it.html</ref>, and as in the Jan. 2009 U.S. National Academies study "COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR EFFECTIVE HEALTH CARE: IMMEDIATE STEPS AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS", EHR's ultimate success will depend upon accelerating interdisciplinary research in biomedical informatics, computer science, social science, and health care engineering.<ref>http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12572</ref> ===Regulatory controversy=== FDA's Jeffrey Shuren, MD JD, Director of the [[Center for Devices and Radiological Health]] (CDRH), has explicitly declared EHRs are a medical device.<ref>http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_11673_910717_0_0_18/3Shuren_Testimony022510.pdf</ref> So has the [[Medical Products Agency (Sweden)]]; Swedish law for medical devices is based on EU Directives.<ref>http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/foretag/medicinteknik/en/Medical-Information-Systems-Report_2009-06-18.pdf</ref>. In medicine, legal and ethical standards such as the NIH Guidelines for Conduct of Research Involving Human Subjects<ref>http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/index.html</ref> and the World Medical Association Declaration Of Helsinki<ref>http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/helsinki.html</ref> restrict introduction of new drugs and medical devices without informed consent, and without extensive preclinical and clinical testing and post-marketing surveillance, especially when risks of the technology are unknown. As in the 2011 U.S. [[Institute of Medicine]] study "Health IT and Patient Safety: Building Safer Systems for Better Care"<ref>http://www.modernhealthcare.com/Assets/pdf/CH76254118.PDF</ref>, there are calls for formal governmental regulation of the technology. </blockquote> The edit-history comments are quite interesting, where a poster who uses the ID "Barek" keeps deleting all or most of the information on EHR disadvantages, despite indications the material is impeccably sourced and does not draw its own conclusions. Read from bottom to top: <blockquote style="font-family: arial;font-family:arial;">17:29, 27 January 2012‎ Ohnoitsjamie (talk | contribs)‎ (67,826 bytes) (please discuss on talk page, as you are approaching WP:3RR) 17:28, 27 January 2012‎ InformaticsMD (talk | contribs)‎ (76,232 bytes) (clarifying that information comes from the cited sources.) 17:26, 27 January 2012‎ InformaticsMD (talk | contribs)‎ (76,137 bytes) (→Unintended adverse consequences) 17:24, 27 January 2012‎ InformaticsMD (talk | contribs)‎ (76,151 bytes) (If you have factual disageements, let them be known and document the source of your information.) 17:23, 27 January 2012‎ InformaticsMD (talk | contribs)‎ (76,137 bytes) (If you have factual disageements, let them be known and document the source of your information.) 17:18, 27 January 2012‎ InformaticsMD (talk | contribs)‎ (76,122 bytes) (Undid revision 473542684 by Barek (talk). Barek may have a conflict of interest regarding exposure of health IT difficulties.) 17:14, 27 January 2012‎ Barek (talk | contribs)‎ m (67,826 bytes) (Reverted edits by InformaticsMD (talk) to last version by Barek) 17:14, 27 January 2012‎ InformaticsMD (talk | contribs)‎ (76,122 bytes) (→Regulatory controversy) 17:12, 27 January 2012‎ InformaticsMD (talk | contribs)‎ (76,217 bytes) (The added information is factual, well-referenced from impeccable sources, and does not draw conclusions.) 17:08, 27 January 2012‎ Barek (talk | contribs)‎ (67,826 bytes) (→Disadvantages: restore some content after purging WP:SYNTH material) 17:06, 27 January 2012‎ Ohnoitsjamie (talk | contribs)‎ (65,826 bytes) (rv per WP:SYNTH) 17:01, 27 January 2012‎ 108.16.62.235 (talk)‎ (76,341 bytes) (Undid revision 473539844 by Barek (talk)) 16:57, 27 January 2012‎ Barek (talk | contribs)‎ (65,826 bytes) (rv - some of that content is usable - but most is pure WP:SYNTH, attempting to draw conclusions rather than simply stating what's in the sources - requires a total re-write to be encyclopedic) ... 20:22, 26 January 2012‎ SarekOfVulcan (talk | contribs)‎ (65,058 bytes) (→Unintended Adverse Consequences: actually, remove whole section - BAD HANDWRITING can result in patient injury and death) 20:21, 26 January 2012‎ SarekOfVulcan (talk | contribs)‎ (65,860 bytes) (→Unintended Adverse Consequences: If it's unknown, we don't need to report it. If it's not a RS, we don't need to report its conclusions. And "a researcher says" isn't notable enough to mention without establishing authority in the subject) (undo) </blockquote> I note that the logically fallacious "Bad handwriting can cause patient injury and death, so remove whole EHR Unintended Adverse Consequences section" and "if it's unknown, we don't need to report it" [regarding the referenced FDA and IOM observations that the true extent of EHR adverse consequences is unknown -- which is on its face a matter critical to public health and policy - ed.], coming from an editor who ironically calls him/herself "Sarek of Vulcan", offers a prime example of how the utopian concept of tapping "community wisdom" can fall flat on its face. WP:SYNTH is Wikipedia-talk for "Synthesis of published material that advances a position", i.e., "drawing conclusions." Apparently, when it comes to EHR, citing the work of governmental regulatory and healthcare agencies, expert researchers, etc. is "drawing conclusions."Wikipedia is essentially open to all, including the HIT industry and its pundits. It is possible that the Wikipedia editors who keep deleting the material could have some sort of conflict of interest. COI could cause them to find easily-verifiable information from impeccable sources on the Wikipedia EHR page (viewed 22924 times in the last 30 days as of this morning) that refutes common cybernetic legends to be "inconvenient." We've certainly seen that type of person before (<a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2010/01/more-on-perversity-in-hit-world.html">link</a>).This affair may also be another example of the "<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/anechoic%20effect">anechoic effect</a>", the notion we discuss often on this blog that certain topics in medicine and health care 'just aren't talked about', in action. The 'disadvantages' material, revised, will be re-posted again soon, after my being blocked (for 'reverting', i.e., restoring the material three times in 24 hrs.) expires tomorrow. It will be revised to have as neutral a tone as possible, with exact page numbers where possible, in accordance with written Wikipedia examples. If the additions still disappear, that will be revelatory. -- SS

Wikipedia page on EHR's: ==Disadvantages== material seems to keep disappearing

It's interesting how most of the information below seems to have a hard time "staying put" on the Wikipedia page for "Ele...

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Unequal Justice Under Law - Comparing Cases of Alleged Misbehavior by Large Health Care Organizations and Individuals

How the wealthy and powerful have become able to play by a different set of rules than those affecting ordinary people may be the defining issue of our time.  Yesterday, President Obama's State of the Union message asked for an economy in which "everyone plays by the same set of rule."  We posted about how this issue, which got national attention due to the Occupy movement, affects health care <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/11/health-care-also-needs-to-challenge.html">here</a>. We have previously posted again and again about how the penalties for misbehavior by large US health care organizations seem to be so minimal as to be incapable of deterring future bad behavior (e.g., see <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/legal%20settlements">posts</a> about legal settlements).  At most, corporations often pay fines that are no more than a cost of doing business.  They rarely have to admit guilt, and when they do, it is usually to a relatively trivial charge.  The people who authorized, directed, or implemented the bad behavior almost never suffer any negative consequences.  Thus, the leaders of large US health care organizations seem to have <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/impunity">impunity</a>. Similar complaints have been made about the lack of accountability of the leaders of the finance firms that lead us into the global financial crisis, or great recession.  However, while I have reviewed now hundreds of stories about such minimal organizational punishments, I have also seen hundreds of stories discovered by my automatic news searches of much more severe penalties paid by individuals who have been accused of similar misbehavior.  I have never previously made an explicit comparison of how health care corporate and individual misbehavior are handled. A recent set of examples of organizational misbehavior invites such a comparison.  Here they are, in chronological order. KV Pharmaceutical On December 6, 2011, the St Louis Post Dispatch <a href="http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/kv-pharmaceutical-agrees-to-million-settlement-with-doj/article_3c947aee-2054-11e1-8c50-001a4bcf6878.html">reported</a>: <blockquote>KV Pharmaceutical Co. has agreed to pay $17 million to federal and state authorities to settle Justice Department allegations that it defrauded federal health care programs. The settlement resolves allegations that KV, as the Bridgeton-based parent company of now-defunct Ethex Corp., misrepresented the regulatory status of two of its drugs that did not qualify for coverage under federal health care programs, the Justice Department said today. The Justice Department alleges that Ethex submitted false quarterly reports to the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services related to the two drugs: nitroglycerin extended release capsules and hyoscyamine sulfate extended release capsules.</blockquote> Company leadership made the usual sort of comment. CEO Greg Divis said: <blockquote>The closure of this matter is another step forward as KV moves ahead as a women's healthcare focused branded specialty pharmaceutical company.</blockquote>Corporate leaders seem to love putting such unpleasantness in the past and moving on, especially when they personally are not held accountable for the previous misbehvior. Note that this is just the latest settlement for KV Pharmaceutical: <blockquote>KV shut down Ethex after the subsidiary pleaded guilty in March 2010 to two felony counts of criminal fraud for failing to report to the Food and Drug Administration that it was making oversize drugs - and drew $27.6 million in fines and restitution.</blockquote> Catholic Healthcare West, Sutter Health On December 8, the Sacramento Bee <a href="http://www.sacbee.com/2011/12/08/4107855/chw-sutter-pay-23-million-to-settle.html">reported</a>: <blockquote>Two of Sacramento's biggest health care players paid a combined $2.3 million to the federal government to settle allegations that 61 of their hospitals double-billed Medicare for therapies and services, U.S. Department of Justice officials announced Wednesday. Catholic Healthcare West paid more than $875,000 and Sutter Health nearly twice that – more than $1.43 million – for alleged duplicate charges for infusion therapies and treatments to break up kidney and bladder stones, in what Lauren Horwood, a spokeswoman in the Sacramento U.S. attorney's office, called 'a significant settlement.'</blockquote> As usual, <blockquote>Officials at the two health networks admitted no wrongdoing in agreeing to the settlement, Horwood said. No charges will be filed.</blockquote> Again, however, this was not the first such issue to affect these large non-profit organizations: <blockquote>In 2006, Sutter Health agreed to grant discounts and refunds to uninsured patients the network was accused of overcharging, stemming from a 2004 class-action lawsuit.</blockquote> Blue Shield (California) On December 29, 2011, the Los Angeles Times <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/29/local/la-me-blue-shield-20111229">reported</a>: <blockquote>More than a year after the healthcare reform law sought to prevent sick patients from losing medical coverage, insurers are still paying for their alleged abuses. Blue Shield has agreed to pay $2 million to resolve accusations that the company improperly dropped policyholders after they got sick and needed expensive treatment. The settlement, announced Wednesday by Los Angeles City Atty. Carmen Trutanich, ends an investigation into more than 1,000 so-called rescissions by Blue Shield, a San Francisco-based not-for-profit company.</blockquote> As usual, there was no admission of guilt, and a company spokesperson claimed that while the company decided to pay out the money in response to the allegations, it, of course, was blameless: <blockquote>Blue Shield spokesman Steve Shivinsky said the firm settled to avoid litigation. 'Our process meets or exceeds all legal and regulatory requirements,' Shivinsky said in a statement. 'In every instance, we provide immediate notice, ensure multiple layers of review, involve a medical director in the decision, give members an opportunity to provide additional information before we take any action, and follow the guidance of an independent third party review.'</blockquote> Note that rescission is now against US federal law: <blockquote>President Obama made rescission a central theme in his push for a healthcare overhaul. In September 2010, a ban on rescissions for unintentional application errors became one of the first pieces of the healthcare law to take effect.</blockquote> GE Healthcare On December 29, 2011, the Detroit Free Press reported (<a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/story/2011-12-29/ge-healthcare-settlement-30-million-dollars/52268818/1">via</a> USA Today): <blockquote>Pharmaceutical giant GE Healthcare will pay $30 million to the U.S. Department of Justice to settle claims in a case filed by a Michigan salesman, alleging one of its companies marketed a diagnostic drug used in cardiology tests as one that could be diluted and stretched to more patients than intended.</blockquote> Not surprisingly, <blockquote>GE admitted no wrongdoing in the settlement. </blockquote> This was despite the fact that the actions alleged may have harmed patients as well as defrauding the government: <blockquote>For patients, the diluted product resulted in more false positives during cardiology tests and exposed them to additional and unnecessary testing....</blockquote>We have <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/General%20Electric">posted previously</a> about some previous questionable behavior by GE in the health care sphere. Actavis On January 3, 2012, Bloomberg <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-01-03/actavis-to-pay-84-million-to-end-medicaid-drug-pricing-suit.html">reported</a>: <blockquote>Two units of Actavis Group Hf will pay $84 million to settle a lawsuit over drug pricing, Texas officials said, less than half the amount an Austin jury said the company should pay. The state accused Actavis Mid-Atlantic LLC and Actavis Elizabeth LLC, subsidiaries of the Iceland-based company’s U.S. division, of inflating billings to the Texas Medicaid program by falsely reporting drug prices. The state court jury in February ordered the units to pay the state $170 million. The settlement resolves that litigation, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott said today in a statement.</blockquote> Note that Medicaid is a joint federal-state insurance program for the poor. The company's statement had a familiar ring to it: <blockquote>'Actavis denies any and all wrongdoing, and denies that it has any liability relating to the Texas judgment,' the company and the state said in the settlement agreement. The parties reached a settlement 'to avoid the delay, uncertainty, inconvenience and expense of continuing the litigation.'</blockquote> Nothing to see here, just move along. Denver Health Medical Center On January 5, 2012, the Denver Post <a href="http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_19680861">reported</a>: <blockquote>Denver Health Medical Center will pay $6.3 million to federal and state officials for overbilling Medicare and Medicaid, state and U.S. attorneys said. After investigating a whistleblower's lawsuit, government officials said Denver Health was classifying patients with an "inpatient" status when it should have been listing them as 'outpatient' or under 'observation' status, which paid less under government rules.</blockquote> Oops, missing from this story was the pro forma denial of blame, wrongdoing, misconduct by organizational leadership. However, the Denver Business Journal was <a href="http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2012/01/05/denver-health-settles-medicare.html">able to add that</a>: <blockquote>Denver Health, in a statement, said it and the government agreed to the settlement to avoid 'protracted litigation' over the allegations. It did not admit guilt in agreeing to the settlement.</blockquote> Of course, again despite having to pay millions, the organization asserted that it is fine and upstanding: <blockquote>'Denver Health has, and will continue to, strive to ensure that its billing systems are accurate,' the hospital said in a statement, adding that the hospital has implemented a system to correct and improve billing accuracy.</blockquote> Whoever wrote the statement seemed to overlook the implication that flowed from the need to "correct" the system. CVS Caremark On January 12, 2012, the Baltimore Sun <a href="http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-01-12/business/bal-consuming-interests-cvs-caremark-settles-deceptive-pricing-charge-for-5-million-20120112_1_cvs-caremark-drug-pricing-information-drug-plan">reported</a>: <blockquote>The Federal Trade Commission announced that CVS Caremark Corp. agreed to pay $5 million to settle a complaint that it misinformed seniors about the price of certain Medicare Part D prescription drugs sold through CVS and Walgreens pharmacies. The action by the company, according to the FTC, caused seniors and consumers with disabilities to pay significantly more for drugs. It also pushed them more quickly into the so-called 'doughnut hole,' in which drug costs aren’t covered by the federal program.</blockquote> Despite its multimillion dollar payment, the company admitted no guilt, of course, and asserted its exemplary corporate citizenship: <blockquote>CVS Caremark released a statement: 'During the course of this two year investigation, our company cooperated fully with the FTC and provided to the government millions of documents as well as access to numerous members of our management team who participated in voluntary interviews and depositions,' said Douglas A. Sgarro, Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer of CVS Caremark.</blockquote> He also took comfort from the fact that there were not even more charges: <blockquote>It is important to note that, at the conclusion of this comprehensive investigation, the FTC made no allegations of antitrust law violations or anti-competitive behavior associated with any of our business practices, products or service offerings.</blockquote> Stryker Corp On January 18, 2012, Bloomberg <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-18/stryker-biotech-pleads-guilty-to-misbranding-charge-pays-15-million-fine.html">reported</a>: <blockquote>A Stryker Corp. (SYK) unit agreed to plead guilty and pay a $15 million fine while the medical-device maker was on trial on charges it marketed an unapproved mixture of products for strengthening human bone growth. The unit, Stryker Biotech, and three Stryker sales representatives were on trial in federal court in Boston on a 13-count criminal indictment claiming conspiracy and wire fraud. The trial began Jan. 9 with jury selection. Stryker Biotech agreed to plead to one misdemeanor count of misbranding a medical device, according to a letter dated yesterday from the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Boston and filed with the federal court. </blockquote> This did involve an admission of guilt, but to what amounts to a financial violation when there were allegations that patients may have been harmed: <blockquote>The U.S. had charged Stryker Biotech with misbranding and its sales force with conspiring to defraud surgeons into combining the company’s OP-1 and OP-1 Putty with the bone filler Calstrux. Some patients suffered adverse side effects and required more surgery, the U.S. said. 'That mixture was never studied clinically,' Assistant U.S. Attorney Susan Winkler told the jury in her opening statement on Jan. 12. 'They did not know if it worked. They did not know if it was safe, and they marketed it to doctors anyway.' </blockquote> Interval Summary We have presented eight cases in which  major US health care organizations settled cases involving allegations of financial gain under false pretenses. Nearly all involved US federal charges, and the others included alleged misbehavior that affected a federal program or that now would be illegal under federal law. All the cases were resolved with fines over $1 million. However, while these fines may seem big to most people, they were trivial compared to the revenues of the organizations. None of the settlements involved any penalties to actual people who authorized, directed, or implemented the misbehavior. No individuals at any of the involved organizations admitted any mistakes, much less wrong doing. While the volume of such settlements indicates the prevalence of misbehavior by large health care organizations, it is not clear that their results, which amount to slaps on corporate wrists, have any deterrent effect. In comparison, see what happens when little people obtain money from the government under false pretenses. I found a convenience sample of such cases reported in the last month through a Google search. Vasquez On January 9, the San Francisco Chronicle <a href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2012/01/09/state/n193158S68.DTL">reported</a>: <blockquote>A Los Angeles woman who pleaded guilty to committing $6.2 million in Medicare fraud has been sentenced to 5 years in prison. Federal Health and Human Services officials say 47-year-old Carolyn Ann Vasquez has also been ordered to pay $6.2 million in restitution. Vasquez admitted to conspiring with others to use a series of fraudulent Los Angeles-area medical clinics to defraud the federal health care insurance program for people over age 65 and the disabled. Between 2007 and 2008, Vasquez obtained a physician's personal information and Medicare provider number and used it to print prescription pads. She then had a physician's assistant, David Garrison, write fraudulent prescriptions for pricey medical equipment.</blockquote> Curtis On January 7, 2012, the [Jacksonville] Florida Times-Union <a href="http://jacksonville.com/news/georgia/2012-01-07/story/leader-medicare-fraud-scheme-gets-3-years-6-months-prison">reported</a>: <blockquote>A federal judge sentenced the would-be owner of a Brunswick prosthetic business to three years and six months in prison for his organization and leadership of a scheme that defrauded Medicare of more than $250,000.</blockquote> Also, <blockquote>In addition to prison, Wood sentenced Curtis to repay $254,750.94 to Health and Human Services and serve three years’ probation. She dismissed eight other counts as part of his plea agreement.</blockquote> In stark contrast to the stories above about cases of fraud involving large health care organizations: <blockquote>Samuel Curtis III, who had submitted false claims from Preferred Prosthetics and Orthotics in Brunswick and Team Orthotics and Prosthetics of Houston, had pleaded guilty in July to conspiring to commit health care fraud. Curtis, 38, apologized and asked U.S. District Judge Lisa Godbey Wood for leniency during his sentencing hearing Friday.</blockquote> Popov On January 12, 2012, the Sacramento Bee <a href="http://blogs.sacbee.com/crime/archives/2012/01/doctor-posing-as-sacramento-clinic-owner-sentenced-in-scam.html">reported</a>: <blockquote>A Los Angeles physician who assumed the role as co-owner of a Sacramento medical clinic has been sentenced to federal prison for his participation in a Medicare fraud scam. Alexander Popov, 47, was sentenced today by U.S. District Judge Morrison C.England Jr. to eight years and one month in prison for committing health care fraud and conspiring to commit health care fraud, according to a federal Department of Justice news release. He was found guilty by a jury in July. In sentencing, Judge England found that Popov was responsible for more than a million dollars in fraudulent billings submitted to Medicare and more than $600,000 in payments made on false claims. Evidence at trial showed that Popov gave false testimony and manufactured evidence at trial, amounting to an obstruction of justice, officials said.</blockquote> Also, <blockquote>Vardges Egiazarian previously pleaded guilty in the case and is serving 78 months in prison. </blockquote> Applebaum On January 20, 2012, Medscape <a href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/757251">reported</a>: <blockquote>A former Idaho psychiatrist was ordered to pay nearly $95,000 in a legal judgment this week, adding to a prison sentence of up to 5 years, which he received in November for obstruction and falsifying records relating to Medicaid fraud. The judgment, obtained by the US Attorney's Office against Michael Applebaum, MD, of Nampa, Idaho, involved a civil lawsuit in which he was accused of submitting false Medicare and Medicaid claims for undocumented and ineligible services from 2004 through 2009. Prosecutors claimed Dr. Applebaum failed to properly document services for approximately 502 claims, including falsifying service dates on 49 claims to make them appear eligible for reimbursement under Medicaid's rule of submitting claims within 12 months of the date of service.</blockquote> Summary As we noted above, if a large organization, such as a hospital system, pharmaceutical company, or health insurance company is accused of fraud against the government, the outcome is likely to be a large fine that is nonetheless small compared with the organization's revenue, no admission of guilt or responsibility, and no penalties for any individuals who authorized, directed or implemented the misbehavior. However, if an individual or small business is accused of such fraud, the results are likely to include fines sufficient to bankrupt either, admissions of guilt, and years of jail time. Yet such actions by large organizations are likely to be more harmful to individuals and society than those of individuals or small businesses. This seems like a glaring, stark example of unequal justice in health care. If an individual does something bad in a health care context, the punishment is likely to be severe and life altering. If an individual who is a leader of a large health care organization does something equally bad, he or she is likely to receive no punishment at all. This is an example that ought to unite the left and the right, liberals and libertarians in outrage. Liberals are supposed to believe in the rights of the individual and economic justice. Libertarians are supposed to believe in economic freedom and the economic rights of the individual. In this example, the government and large corporations seem to have gotten together to let corporate leaders play by different rules than individuals. Corporate leaders seem to be above the law, the same law that can ruin individuals who violate it. If we really want to reform health care, we need to make sure that its rules apply equally to all individuals, whether humble or rich, whether they are individual professionals of corporate CEOs. As long as the rich and powerful can play by different rules, we only fuel cynicism and anger. Down that road lies disaster.

Unequal Justice Under Law - Comparing Cases of Alleged Misbehavior by Large Health Care Organizations and Individuals

How the wealthy and powerful have become able to play by a different set of rules than those affecting ordinary people may be the defining i...

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