healthy4u

"It's All Been Done Before," If We Only Could Remember What it Was - the AHERF Example

A big Wall Street Journal <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204319004577084553869990554.html">article</a> by Anna Wilde Mathews featured the latest wave of mergers affecting large health care organizations. Large, Vertically Integrated Health Care Systems (Redux) <blockquote>Call it the united state of health care. Amid enormous pressure to cut costs, improve care and prepare for changes tied to the federal health-care overhaul, major players in the industry are staking out new ground, often blurring the lines between businesses that have traditionally been separate. Hospitals are bulking up into huge systems, merging with one another and building extensive new doctor work forces. They are exploring insurance-like setups, including direct approaches to employers that cut out the health-plan middleman. On the other side, insurers are buying health-care providers, or seeking to work with them on new cooperative deals and payment models that share the risks of health coverage. And employers are starting to take a far more active role in their workers' care.</blockquote> This ongoing consolidation is being discussed as inevitable. <blockquote>'We're seeing a marketplace reacting to an economic imperative,' says Michael O. Leavitt, a former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services who is now chairman of a health-information company. 'The new delivery models are far more integrated.'</blockquote> The ongoing consolidation is also being proclaimed as leading to a brave new world of health care. For example, <blockquote>Jim Taylor, the chief executive of the University of Louisville Hospital, says his institution's future depends on an ambitious statewide merger with two other hospital systems. Now, he has to persuade others that he's right.</blockquote> These mergers often are meant to lead to the creation of large, vertically integrated health systems which may include hospitals, physicians and other health professionals (sometimes as hired help), and an insurance function. It's All Been Done Before "Large, vertically-integrated health care systems," of course, were all the rage in the 1990s.  In fact, the WSJ also published a companion article by Anna Wilde Mathews that suggested "it has all been done before," it did not necessarily work then, and therefore, it may not work now. One example used in the <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204319004577086330087780146.html">latter article </a>: <blockquote>Perhaps the most dramatic flameout was the Allegheny Health, Education, and Research Foundation. Starting in the mid-1980s, it was built from a Pittsburgh hospital into a statewide system through hospital and doctor-practice acquisitions. In 1998, AHERF, as it was called, became the U.S.'s largest health-care nonprofit bankruptcy. Its debts became unsustainable after it piled on too many money-losing assets, failed to manage the new primary-care physicians successfully, and lost money on capitated business, according to an account published in Health Affairs in 2000. The hospitals' moves in the 1990s 'did not improve quality, they did not reduce costs. In fact they increased everyone's spending,' partly because some hospitals eventually used their bulked-up leverage to push for higher rates, says Lawton Robert Burns, a Wharton School professor and the AHERF history's lead author. 'Nobody's showed me we're going to do it a whole lot better this time....To expect that with one piece of legislation, everyone's going to sit around the campfire and sing kumbaya, forget about it.'</blockquote> However, the Mathews article showed that even people who ought to have been familiar with this case seemed to think that this time things would be different. For example, it included this quote from the CEO of Humana which had problems with the integrated model in the 1990s: <blockquote>'It's not like we don't understand what we are getting back into here,' said Michael B. McCallister, Humana's CEO, at an investor conference. 'But things have changed.'</blockquote> Maybe so, but maybe if the enthusiasts of the resurrected vertically integrated health system model realized how badly things went in the past they would not be so optimistic. A More Complete Version of the AHERF Story In fact, Professor Burns' take on the AHERF bankruptcy above did not seem to reflect all that went on then. A somewhat more pointed summary of that massive failure had appeared in 2008. Then, Moody's Investor Service issued a report on the 10 year anniversary of the fall of the house of AHERF. Per <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08204/898514-28.stm">an article again by Steve Twedt in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>, who also wrote a significant <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/aherf/">series</a> in the same newspaper summarizing the collapse of AHERF, <blockquote> From the distance of 10 years, the historic bankruptcy of Allegheny General Hospital's then-parent organization still offers valuable lessons for today's health-care industry, says a new report by Moody's Investor Service. 'AHERF left such a stain, such an indelible mark on hospital management teams, they realized that if one of the big systems can fail, no one is immune,' said Lisa Goldstein, leader of the Moody's health-care team that produced the report. On July 21, 1998, Allegheny Health and Education Research Foundation (AHERF) defaulted, resulting in what is still the largest bankruptcy ever among the 560 Moody's-rated not-for-profit health-care entities. At the time, AHERF had $2 billion in revenue and $555 million in outstanding debt, according to the Moody's report. Analyst Lisa Martin, who wrote the report, says industrywide forces converged with 'the organization's own management and governance failures' to cause the foundation's failure. The external forces included Medicare reimbursement cuts -- still an issue a decade later -- and highly competitive markets in both Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. But, she added, 'we believe its ultimate downfall was driven more by decisions of the organization itself -- weak governance, poorly executed strategies, lack of refined leadership, and absence of methodical execution.'</blockquote> Even that version seems too polite. Although the AHERF bankruptcy appears to be the largest failure of a not-for-profit health care corporation in US history, its story has produced remarkably few echoes for doctors, other health care professionals, health care researchers, and health policy makers. I often use the fall of AHERF as major example in talks, at least the few talks I am allowed to give on such unpleasant subjects. Rarely have more than a few people in the audience heard of AHERF prior to my discussion of it. The only scholarly <a href="http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/19/1/7.pdf">article </a>I could locate on the topic that discussed the case in any detail, albeit incompletely since it was written before Abdelhak's guilty plea, was written by Professor Burns, who was quoted above, and colleagues [Burns LR, Cacciamani J, Clement J, Aquino W. The fall of the house of AHERF: the Allegheny bankruptcy. Health Aff (Millwood) 2000; 19: 7-41.] I doubt the case is used for teaching in most medical or public health schools. The lack of discussion of such a significant case is a prime example of the <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2007/08/bling-bling-poltical-correctness-and.html">anechoic effect</a>. Therefore, let me repeat my <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2008/07/10-years-later-eerie-echo-of-fall-of.html">2008 summary</a> of some of important points about AHERF not found above (see also <a href="http://www.acponline.org/chapters/ri/nl-fall04.pdf">this more detailed narrative</a>, starting on page 5): <ul><li>AHERF, one of the largest health care systems of its day, was built by the poster-boy for health care  CEOs at the time, Sherif Abdelhak.</li><li>Abdelhak, who <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/aherf/part2.asp">started as food services purchasing manager </a>at Allegeheny General Hospital, was repeatedly hailed as a "visionary" (<a href="http://www.acponline.org/journals/news/mar97/phillymc.htm">in the March, 1997, ACP Observer</a>) a "genius," and the like. His plans to create a huge integrated health care system were part of the wave of the future. Abdelhak was even invited to give the prestigious John D Cooper lecture at the annual meeting of the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), which was published in Academic Medicine [Abdelhak SS. How one academic health center is successfully facing the future. Acad Med 1996; 71: 329-336.] He proclaimed then that "we will need to create new forms of organization that are more flexible, more adaptive, and more agile than ever before." And he announced that "my aim as chief executive has been to unleash the creativity and productive potential of every individual and to provide an environment that encourages teamwork" </li><li>While Abdelhak was making these grandiose promises, he paid himself and his associates very well. For example, he received $1.2 million in the mid-1990s, more than three times the average then for a hospital system CEO. He lived in a hospital supplied mansion worth almost $900,000 in 1989. Five of AHERF's top executives were in the top 10 best paid hospital executives in Philadelphia.</li><li>Although Abdelhak talked of teamwork, he warned the combined faculty of the new Allegheny University of the Health Sciences (AUHS): <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/aherf/part6.asp">"Don’t cross me or you will live to regret it."</a></li><li>As AHERF was hemorrhaging money, Abdelhak continued to pay himself and his cronies lavishly.</li><li>After the AHERF bankruptcy, which was at the time the second largest bankruptcy recorded in the US, Abdelhak was charged with numerous felonies involving receiving charitable assets. In a plea bargain, <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20020830abdelhak0830p4.asp">he pleaded no contest </a>to misusing charitable funds, a misdemeanor, and was sentenced to more than 11 months in county prison.</li></ul>The Moral of the Story The story of AHERF was not merely that of an unlucky bankruptcy. It shows what can go wrong when health care adopts business practices such as jumping on the latest management band-wagons and genuflecting before imperial CEOs. Yet since the fall of AHERF, we are still hearing breathless stories about the latest wonderful plans to save health care (think about, for example, electronic medical records, pay for performance schemes, etc), and the the need to genuflect to brilliant CEOs who may turn out to be not so brilliant (think about, for example, Dr William McGuire, the former CEO of UnitedHealth, and his<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2010/08/despite-scandal-former-unitedhealth-ceo.html"> back-dated stock options</a>). We health care professionals need to stop falling for this hype and spin. Saving health care will take clear thinking and hard work by a lot of people. The "visionaries," if we let them, are likely to depart with a huge cache of money, leaving us and health care worse off. If it is just "not done" to talk about cases such as that of AHERF, and other examples of "recent unpleasantness," how will be learn not to fall for the propaganda? Of course, it is those who benefit from the propaganda who do not want us catching on to their game. If physicians, health professionals, health care researchers, and health policy makers do not learn the lessons of the fall of AHERF, they will be doomed to see its repetitions. With apologies to the Bare Naked Ladies - do not forget <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zs3xXlXSOKk">"it's all been done (before)"</a> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/BlEW-QoJqTE" width="420"></iframe> (only live version I could find, actual song starts at about 3:00)

"It's All Been Done Before," If We Only Could Remember What it Was - the AHERF Example

A big Wall Street Journal article by Anna Wilde Mathews featured the latest wave of mergers affecting large health care organizations. Larg...

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The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Quiet Coziness with Wall Street

An <a href="http://www.pogo.org/pogo-files/alerts/government-corruption/wall-street-in-washington-gc-ii-20111208.html">article</a> from the Project on Government Oversight (POGO) reveals a new aspect of the growing coziness between the US government and big corporations with obvious relevance to health care. CMS' Coziness with Leaders of the "Capital Markets" Here is the introduction and the example most relevant to health care: <blockquote>Nearly a dozen senior staff at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the giant agency that administers hundreds of billions in federal health care dollars, had been called to a meeting. After a discussion with five Wall Street professionals that lasted nearly two hours, one senior CMS analyst filed an ethics complaint that later went to the Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). His beef: that a handful of deep-pocketed investors had won a private hearing to probe whether the agency would allow Medicare reimbursement for specific medical devices manufactured by companies in which they already held a stake or might put new money. The market for one device, already approved for Medicare, was rapidly heading toward $1 billion annually; the agency’s impending decision to reimburse competing devices could have major market impact, a shift potentially worth hundreds of millions of dollars. 'This meeting forced agency staff to redirect their attention toward a select group from Wall Street, when neither competing investors nor patient-oriented stakeholders were present,' the whistleblower told the Project On Government Oversight (POGO). 'They got to probe us for hours in private about what we planned to do and how we approached procedures for reimbursing medical devices, the mechanics and psychology of CMS decision-making, in general and with respect to these specific devices.' The meeting was set up by a former CMS employee working for the Marwood Group, an asset manager that counsels big health-care industry investors, the whistleblower says. The firm’s president is Edward 'Ted' Kennedy Jr., son of the late Massachusetts senator and a major supporter of President Obama’s health care reforms, and includes Kennedy cousins Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and Stephen E. Smith, Jr., as senior advisors. The firm’s website highlights its staff recruitment among Congressional aides, the Executive Office of the President and CMS. One CMS veteran who joined Marwood after the 2009 meeting with Wall Streeters is Barry Straub, the agency's former Chief Medical Officer, who is also an expert on Medicare reimbursement, the website says. A company spokesman had no comment. A supervisor at CMS’s Coverage Advisory Group, which decides which services the agency will pay for, also helped organize the session with investors. The whistleblower says he was told by a supervisor that such get-togethers are 'a routine practice at CMS.' At the time, in 2009, CMS’s top administrator had an aide with the title, 'capital markets advisor,' tasked with tracking investment community activity in Washington and elsewhere. At the investor meeting, Wall Streeters asked a range of questions 'about confidential CMS information.' The whistle blower says he does not believe they received illegal disclosures, though they peppered CMS analysts with queries about the agency’s decision-making process and other sensitive matters which, if answered, could have violated the law or related regulations that bar the sharing of internal deliberations and decisions. The whistleblower first filed his complaint in April 2009. He was terminated in 2011 for being disloyal to the agency mission after he made a series of internal protests, including the objection to what he calls a pattern and practice of unfettered access to CMS staff by Wall Street investors. He says he is currently fighting his dismissal through all available legal and administrative channels. </blockquote>Implications and Summary As the POGO article put it, <blockquote>CMS does have a set of 'Open Door' policies and affords a variety of avenues for public access. The disclosure of payments to physicians and teaching hospitals by pharmaceutical companies and other interests are required under President Obama’s health reform. In practice, however, the public, not to mention competing investors and stakeholders, rarely get the kind of information and insight available in meetings like the whistleblower described.</blockquote> In general, <blockquote>A balance is necessary between the danger of too much insider access, and imposing excessive limitations. Indeed, the biggest problem with special access for Wall Street insiders is not just that they seem to get meetings and acquire information that may be privileged and non-public, but that others, including other investors, do not get a crack at the same material.</blockquote>The activities above have all the usual elements of excess corporate - government coziness.  These include enhanced access for corporate leaders beyond what any ordinary members of the public might achieve; the <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/revolving%20doors">revolving door</a> between government service and corporate leadership; the participation of well-connected inside the beltway types, etc, etc.  It also includes the apparent formalization of representation of corporate interests, e.g., the "Capital Markets Advisor," with no parallel formalization of the public's or patients' interests.  Even more worrisome is that an effort to make this all less <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/anechoic%20effect">anechoic</a> resulted in alleged intimidation of a <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/whistle-blowers">whistle-blower</a>. So, let's see, CMS, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) branch which controls the Medicare and Medicaid programs, the government run single-payer programs for the elderly, the disabled, and the poor, does not seem to be able to afford to figure out in-house how to pay physicians for specific services.  Instead, it has effectively farmed out this task to a private committee, the American Medical Association's <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/RUC">RBRVS Update Committee (RUC</a>).  As we have <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/RUC">discussed many times</a>, this obscure and secretive committee likely had a major role in structuring the financial incentives that favor procedures and disfavor primary care. leading to excess costs, declining access, and degrading quality.  However, CMS can afford to have a "Capital Markets Adviser" and to use up staff time briefing wealthy investors and hedge fund types.  What is wrong with this picture? In my humble opinion, government health care agencies ought to put the public's and patient's health first. They should not give special consideration to the rich, the powerful, the well-connected, whom some now call the one percent. Yet in the US we seem to have an increasingly <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/corporatism">corporatist</a> state in which government and the plutocrats work together for their mutual interests, regulatory capture writ large. We need to restore government, and our health care agencies to being of the people, by the people, and for the people.  Obviously, true health care reform would start with the government and its officials putting patients' and the public's health first, way ahead of the financial comfort of corporate leaders.

The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Quiet Coziness with Wall Street

An article from the Project on Government Oversight (POGO) reveals a new aspect of the growing coziness between the US government and big c...

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A Logical Fallacy Affecting Selection of Panelists on an FDA Advisory Committee

An old argument used to defend against criticisms of conflicts of interest was just employed in a disturbing context.  Expert Removed from FDA Advisory Committee for Having an Opinion As first reported <a href="http://www.pharmalot.com/2011/12/fda-pulls-wolfe-off-panel-over-intellectual-conflict">on the PharmaLot blog</a>, and later <a href="http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2011/12/fda_disqualifies_public_citize.html">by the Newark Star-Ledger</a>, a panelist was just disqualified from voting on a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) panel for having previously expressed an opinion about the safety of the drug up for re-evaluation.  Per the Star-Ledger, <blockquote>Federal drug regulators have notified Sidney Wolfe, one of the nation's leading advocates for drug safety, that he would not be permitted to join a committee of experts asked to review new dangers associated with a group of birth control pills, including Bayer Healthcare's top-selling Yaz. The Food and Drug Administration scheduled a meeting Thursday of two advisory committees — one on drug safety and risk management and the other on reproductive health drugs — after new information emerged on the safety of oral contraceptives containing the synthetic hormone </blockquote> Why Was Dr Wolf removed from the committee? <blockquote>The agency recently learned that Public Citizen, a non-profit consumer advocacy organization, had placed one of the contraceptives, Bayer’s Yasmine — a predecessor to Yaz — on its list of 'Do Not Use Pills' in 2002. 'He did not volunteer this information,' said agency spokeswoman Erica Jefferson. 'It was brought to our attention.' The FDA offered Wolfe two options: He could present information to the advisory committee like other members of the public or he could sit on the committee, participate in the discussion but refrain from voting.</blockquote> Logical Fallacy: False Dilemma We frequently post about <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/conflicts%20of%20interest">conflicts of interest</a> affecting health care decision-makers.  It is now clear (e.g., look <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2007/10/medical-school-leaders-conflicts-of.html">here</a>) that leading health care academics often have significant financial relationships with drug and device companies and other health care corporations which could potentially influence their clinical research, clinical teaching, health policy recommendations, or direct patient care.  These relationships are frequently defended, often with <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/logical%20fallacies">logical fallacies</a> used by those who themselves have conflicts.  One common argument is based on the assertion that conflicts of interest are ubiquitous and everyone is conflicted.  Therefore, if one were to ban people with conflicts from responsible positions, there would be no one left to fill these positions, so such a ban would be untenable.  This seems to be an example of the <a href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/false-dilemma.html">false dilemma</a>.  It is often employed by people who themselves have conflicts of interest. One way to make it appear that everyone has conflicts of interest is to broaden the concept of conflicts of interest to "intellectual conflicts of interest."  Doing this facilitates the assertion that everyone who has an opinion on a subject has a conflict of interest, so this argument implies that all sentient beings have important conflicts.  This argument would make equivalent a doctor who would not use a particular drug because his or her reading of the clinical research literature about this drug suggests its benefits do not outweigh its harms, and a doctor who advocates using the drug, and is paid $100,000 a year by the marketing division of the company that makes this drug as a marketing consultant.  The decision to prevent Dr Wolfe from voting on this committee seems to be based on this logical fallacy. As Dr Wolfe said, <blockquote>In his statement, Wolfe said if intellectual conflict of interest means being informed and subsequently having opinions on a drug, then 'many more members of advisory committees would have to be excluded.' 'For members of a scientific and technical advisory committee, possessing information and expert views on matters within the purview of the committee is not a conflict of interest,' Wolfe wrote. 'To the contrary, qualified experts are likely to have developed views on a variety of subjects based on their professional experience.'</blockquote> As Larry Husten wrote <a href="http://cardiobrief.org/2011/12/08/oops-she-did-it-again-fda-disinvites-another-advisor">on the CardioBrief blog</a>, <blockquote>do we really want to choose advisory committee panelists who have never expressed opinions about the topics they are reviewing? Are we reaching the point where potential FDA panelists will be required, like Supreme Court nominees, to have avoided any discussion of all important issues at every point in the past?</blockquote> Thus they point out the absurdity of banning people with "intellectual conflicts of interests," that is, with relevant opinions, as if they had real conflicts of interest. (But wait for someone to argue that if Wolfe were allowed to serve, it would be unfair to ban anyone with financial conflicts of interest from serving.) What is most distressing about this case is that the sort of fallacious arguments usually employed by the conflicted to defend conflicts of interest are now being employed by leaders of government agencies, who are supposed to not have their own conflicts, and to serve the people, and in this case, to be dedicated to improving the health and safety of the population and of individual patients. Every fallacious argument made in support of financial conflicts of interest affecting health care decision makers suggests we need to do more to combat such conflicts.  At an absolute minimum, all such conflicts should be fully disclosed in detail in any context in which they possibly could influence medical research, medical education, clinical care, or health policy.  Furthermore, we need to work towards ending as many such conflicts as possible.  A good starting point would be the recommendations made by the Institute of Medicine committee reports on <a href="http://iom.edu/Activities/Workforce/ConflictOfInterest.aspx">conflicts of interest</a>, and <a href="http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines-We-Can-Trust.aspx">clinical practice guidelines</a>. See also comments by Merrill Goozner <a href="http://gooznews.com/?p=3421">on the GoozNews blog</a>. ADDENDUM (9 December, 2011) - In response to comments below, see two posts by Dr Howard Brody in the Hooked: Ethics, Medicine, and Pharma blog on the problems with the concept of "intellectual conflict of interest" - <a href="http://brodyhooked.blogspot.com/2007/12/intellectual-bias-latest-salvo-from.html">here</a> and <a href="http://brodyhooked.blogspot.com/2008/03/more-on-intellectual-conflict-of.html">here</a>. ADDENDUM (9 December, 2011) -  See further discussion by posted by Dr Brody today <a href="http://brodyhooked.blogspot.com/2011/12/intellectual-conflict-of-interest-rides.html">here</a>.

A Logical Fallacy Affecting Selection of Panelists on an FDA Advisory Committee

An old argument used to defend against criticisms of conflicts of interest was just employed in a disturbing context. Expert Removed from F...

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It Was the Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times ... for Synthes Executives

The latest news about the Synthes Norian XL bone cement case shows just how bizarre incentives for health care leaders can be.  The Synthes Case Synthes USA, the American branch of a Swiss based device company, first settled charges that it had been paying surgeons with company stock to use its products in its clinical trials in 2009 (see <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2009/05/synthes-settles-agrees-to-stop-giving.html">this post</a>).  Then prosecutors alleged that these were not really rigorous trials. Instead, for marketing purposes, executives of Synthes subsidiary Norian persuaded surgeons to use its Norian XR product in a case series of spine surgery patients and then publish the results.  Three patients who received the product for this "off-label" use died.  This scheme was alleged to have been directed by "person no. 7," whom journalists identified as the company CEO, Hansjorg Wyss (see post <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2009/06/synthes-indicted.html">here</a>.)   In an unusual move, the prosecutors indicted four company executives, who then pleaded guilty.  They did not take any further action against Wyss, who turns out to be one of the world's richest men (see post <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2009/12/person-no-7-also-known-as-83rd-richest.html">here</a>).  Executives Sentenced In late November, three of the executives were sentenced, as <a href="http://www.philly.com/philly/business/134297618.html">per the Philadelphia Inquirer</a>: <blockquote>Three former executives of medical-device manufacturer Synthes Inc. were sentenced to prison Monday. A fourth might have been if his attorney hadn't collapsed while standing at a lectern moments after saying that Synthes' unindicted board chairman was the ultimate authority and responsible for the illegal, sometimes fatal, bone-cement trial at the center of the proceedings. Michael Huggins, 54, of West Chester, the former president of Synthes USA, was sentenced to nine months in prison and taken into custody immediately. Thomas Higgins, 55, of Berwyn, former leader of Synthes' spine division, got the same sentence. John Walsh, 48, of Coatesville, who was in charge of regulatory affairs, got five months. U.S. District Judge Legrome D. Davis gave Higgins two weeks to report to prison so he could arrange for extra medical care for his wife. Davis gave Walsh until next Monday to report because Tuesday is his young daughter's birthday. The three will pay $100,000 each in fines and be on supervised release after prison. All pleaded guilty to a single misdemeanor count under the responsible-corporate-officer doctrine. Richard Bohner, 56, of Malvern, former vice president for operations, was the third of four defendants on Davis' docket Monday and might have gotten a sentence similar to those received by Huggins and Higgins.</blockquote> No Penalty for the Former CEO However, there were no penalties for the company CEO who was allegedly "person no. 7": <blockquote>Hansjorg Wyss, the Synthes board chairman, who also was chief executive officer when the illegal bone-cement trial occurred, was not in the courtroom but still was part of Monday's events. Gurney, Bohner's attorney, said Wyss was the undisputed leader of the company. 'He made some of the very critical decisions that put the trials on the ultimate pathway,' Gurney said. 'The culture of an organization is set at the top.' Wyss could not be reached for comment.</blockquote> Meanwhile, Mr Wyss continues to grow richer. <a href="http://www.forbes.com/profile/hansjorg-wyss/">Forbes</a> currently lists him as number 164 on its list of the world's wealthiest people, estimating his assets at $6.4 billion. A Golden Parachute for the Current CEO Mr Wyss may be made even more wealthy because US health care corporate giant Johnson and Johnson has agreed to buy Synthes. Furthermore, as also <a href="http://articles.philly.com/2011-12-02/business/30467555_1_depuy-sec-filing-j-j-spokesman">reported</a> by the Philadelphia Inquirer, the current Synthes CEO is in line to also greatly benefit from that deal: <blockquote>Orsinger is getting $51.9 million for leaving the old company and a multimillion-dollar pay package from the new company. His new base salary of $700,000 will be a cut in pay from his old firm, but he will have some lucrative bonus opportunities. If he can make do clipping coupons for three years, he will get a stock package worth $17.2 million. Orsinger is the chief executive officer of Synthes Inc., the medical-device manufacturer based in Switzerland but with U.S. headquarters and facilities in West Chester.</blockquote> Implications On one hand, up to now, it has been very rare for any top executives of health care corporations to suffer any negative consequences due to ethical missteps by their companies, much less to go to jail. The current case may be the first real example of government prosecutors using the responsible corporate officer doctrine in such a setting. We first discussed this concept <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2010/06/attempt-to-hold-health-care-leaders.html">here</a> in 2010. As <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/06/us-legal-idUSTRE7B50Q420111206">noted</a> in Reuters about the Synthes case, <blockquote>After decades in relative obscurity, a U.S. legal doctrine that holds corporate officers liable for company wrongdoing is finding its way back into some high-profile healthcare prosecutions. The 'responsible corporate officer' doctrine allows for prison terms of up to one year for misdemeanor violations of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, but typically defendants have received only probation. Recently, however, the government has sought to reinvigorate the doctrine, and some executives are facing stiffer penalties than they had ever imagined.</blockquote>Why only now has this doctrine been dusted off, when it has been around for over 70 years, and validated by the Supreme Court over 35 years ago, remains unclear. Does its use now signal the end of health care leaders' impunity? We have noted that despite all sorts of misbehavior leading to a <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/legal%20settlements">march of legal settlements</a>, almost no one who authorized, directed or implemented the bad behavior within a large health care corporation has ever paid any penalty for it. The penalties for the four Synthes executives are certainly a break in the pattern. Moreover, while in the Synthes case the executives who pleaded guilty were aware of what was going on, the doctrine allows prosecution of responsible corporate officers who were not so aware. As in the Reuters article, <blockquote>The principle behind the doctrine was validated by the Supreme Court in 1975, when it affirmed the conviction of John Park, the chief executive of a national food chain who had been charged with allowing warehoused food to be exposed to rodent contamination. The court held that, to convict Park, the jury did not have to find that he was aware of the unsanitary conditions, only that he was in a position of authority to prevent them.</blockquote> However, in the Synthes case, there was no attempt made to prosecute even more highly placed "responsible corporate officers." As noted above, the past and current CEO were not charged, and meanwhile have engineered a merger that may make them even more wealthy (ironically, with a company, Johnson and Johnson, that has also had a <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/Johnson%20and%20Johnson">troubled recent record</a>). Furthermore, as per Reuters, prosecutors are not exactly gung ho about using the responsible corporate doctrine: <blockquote>Over the next few decades, prosecutors used the doctrine sparingly, concerned that overuse would bring unwanted judicial scrutiny, said Paul Hyman, formerly of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Chief Counsel's Office and now a director at the law firm of Hyman, Phelps & McNamara.</blockquote> Also, <blockquote>The future of the responsible corporate officer doctrine could depend on whether executives who plead guilty under the doctrine are able to find other employment. Cory Andrews, a lawyer with the Washington Legal Foundation, which filed a friend-of-the-court brief on behalf of the Purdue defendants, said that as the severity of penalties increase for misdemeanors, so do the odds of a constitutional challenge. 'Arguably, where the deprivation is very small, the due process violations are not as significant,' Andrews said. 'But where the deprivation goes to someone's ability to earn a living -- I think that raises the constitutional temperature.'</blockquote> Many of the legal settlements we have discussed involved activities that threatened the safety, health or even lives of patients. But if a corporate executive might not be able to get further lucrative employment as such after participating in such misbehavior, quelle horreur! Let us hope that government officials, who have been so solicitous in the past about the financial well-being of the health care corporations they are supposed to oversee, will start thinking about the consequences of these corporations' misbehavior for the public to whom those officials are supposed to answer. I conclude, de rigueur, to really deter bad behavior, those who authorized, directed or implemented bad behavior must be held accountable. As long as they are not, expect the bad behavior to continue. Real health care reform needs to make health care leaders accountable, and especially accountable for the bad behavior that helped make them rich.

It Was the Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times ... for Synthes Executives

The latest news about the Synthes Norian XL bone cement case shows just how bizarre incentives for health care leaders can be. The Synthes ...

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Merck Admits Little While Settling the Vioxx Case

A week ago, another legal settlement with some noteworthy aspects came marching along.  As <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204531404577054472253737682.html">reported</a> by the Wall Street Journal, here are the details. A Guilty Plea to "Misbranding" First, there was a guilty plea (to a misdemeanor): <blockquote>Merck & Co. agreed to pay $950 million and plead guilty to a criminal misdemeanor charge to resolve government allegations that the company illegally promoted its former painkiller Vioxx and deceived the government about the drug's safety.</blockquote> In particular, <blockquote>The Justice Department said Merck illegally promoted Vioxx for rheumatoid arthritis before that use was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2002. The drug was initially approved in 1999 to treat certain types of pain. Drug companies are barred from promoting drugs for unauthorized, or 'off label,' uses, though doctors may prescribe off-label uses. Merck agreed to plead guilty to introducing a 'misbranded' Vioxx into interstate commerce, which is a misdemeanor violation of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and to pay a $321.6 million criminal fine.</blockquote> So the company actually admitted to violating the law in the form of a misdemeanor, selling a drug for unapproved uses. The importance of this sort of activity has been frequently challenged, especially by those who claim that corporations have free speech rights that allow them to promote practically anything they want. However, this was not the only issue apparently resolved. A Civil Settlement <blockquote>The company agreed to pay $628.4 million to settle civil allegations.</blockquote> What were these allegations? <blockquote>The government also made allegations against Merck in parallel civil litigation related to Vioxx in addition to the criminal charges. According to the government, Merck representatives made inaccurate, unsupported or misleading statements about Vioxx's cardiovascular safety, in order to increase sales of the drug. The government also said Merck made false statements to state Medicaid agencies about the drug's safety. </blockquote> However, <blockquote>Merck isn't admitting liability or wrongdoing in the civil aspect of the settlement. Mr. Rogers said Merck expressly denies the civil allegations. 'We believe that Merck acted responsibly and in good faith in connection with the conduct at issue in these civil settlement agreements, including activities concerning the safety profile of Vioxx,' said Merck General Counsel Bruce Kuhlik in a statement.</blockquote> So this is yet another example of a legal settlement made by a health care organization involving that organization paying a fine, but not admitting it did anything wrong. The Parallel with the Citigroup Settlement Last week, we <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/11/will-citigroup-ruling-challenge-health.html">wrote</a> about how one US federal judge refused to accept a settlement (in a case of alleged financial misbehavior involving Citigroup) which did not require the company to admit wrongdoing. The judge noted that this presented the logically incomprehensible situation of a company apparently being punished for a reason that is unknown. At that point, one (admittedly outspoken) critic wrote, "This has essentially created a parallel or secret criminal justice system, in which both crime and punishment are adjudicated behind closed doors." Furthermore, these <blockquote>settlements have evolved into a kind of cheap payoff system, in which crimes may be committed over and over again, and the ... [government's] only role is to take a bribe each time the offenders slip up and get caught. If you never have to worry about serious punishments, or court findings of criminal guilt (which would leave you exposed to crippling lawsuits), then there’s simply no incentive to stop committing fraud. These SEC settlements simply become part of the cost of doing business....</blockquote> What No One Had to Admit In the case of the current Merck settlement, we do know something about the activities that lead to the settlement.  The settlement arose out of what was called the "Vioxx scandal." In summary, Vioxx (rofecoxib, Merck) a Cox-2 inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for pain, and touted for its ostensibly low risk of gastrointestinal side-effects, was withdrawn from the market in 2004 because of its cardiac risks.  The Vioxx case is flush with examples of how the company used deception to market a very profitable drug without regard to its risks to patients.  There is evidence is that the company knew about these effects since 2000, but suppressed the clinical research evidence until 2003.(1)  In particular, in 2005, the editors of the New England Journal of Medicine raised concerns that an article published in that journal in 2000 about the results of the VIGOR study of rofecoxib sponsored by Merck failed to report data that would have suggested that the drug caused excess cardiovascular risks.(2) In 2007, the company paid more than $4.9 billion to settle patient lawsuits alleging harm due to Vioxx.(3)  Also in 2008, the company made a $58 million settlement of claims its advertising of Vioxx deceptively minimized its risks.(4) In 2008, it became clear that at least one apparently clinical trial of Vioxx, the ADVANTAGE trial, was merely a "seeding trial,' that is, a marketing exercise.(5) On Health Care Renewal, we starting <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/Vioxx">writing about Vioxx</a> in 2005, including, - <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2005/04/more-evidence-of-ghostwriting.html">here</a> about ghost-writing of a Vioxx research publication; - <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2005/06/allegations-that-merck-threatened.html">here</a>, and <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2005/12/more-allegations-that-merck-executives.html">here</a> about allegations that Merck executives tried to intimidate Vioxx critics; - <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2007/03/drug-crazy.html">here</a> about how advocates of an extreme laissez faire approach to regulation of health care corporations used illogical arguments about the Vioxx case; - <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2008/08/article-in-annals-of-internal-medicine.html">here</a> about the ADVANTAGE "seeding trial," that is, a study really meant to recruit supposed physician-researchers as prescribers; and - <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2010/01/physician-pleads-guilty-to-fraud-for.html">here</a> about how one once prominent Vioxx researcher pleaded guilty to fraud in connection with his research on other drugs. -  <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2010/02/merck-settles-another-vioxx-case.html">here</a> about how in settling a shareholder lawsuit Merck vowed to improve its scientific and academic integrity, and refrain from manipulating and suppressing clinical research. In 2010, we <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2010/02/merck-settles-another-vioxx-case.html">summarized </a>the Vioxx case thus, " the Vioxx case provides a good lesson about some of the tactics used to deceptively and unethically promote health care products (pharmaceuticals in this case)."  In case there are any doubts about the harms patients suffered as a result of using Vioxx as a pain reliever, in 2004, a cumulative meta-analysis of published trials of Vioxx known by then estimated the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) due to Vioxx compared with placebo or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was 2.3 times the baseline rate.(6)  That analysis suggested that there was data by 2000 that Vioxx increased the risk of bad cardiovascular events.  A cumulative meta-analysis from 2009 suggested that the risk of death due to Vioxx was 1.7 times the baseline rate.(7)   That analysis suggested there was data by 2001 that Vioxx increased the risk of bad cardiovascular events.  Graham and colleagues' nested case-control study of Vioxx use in a large managed care organization lead them to estimate that "88 000 - 140 000 excess cases of serious coronary heart disease probably occurred in the USA over the market-life of rofecoxib."(8) Yet despite all the evidence of deceptive practices used to market Vioxx as a first-line pain reliever, and all the evidence that Vioxx may have lead to a large number of myocardial infarctions and premature deaths, the US government's settlement with the maker of Vioxx allowed it to deny that its marketers concealed the dangers of the drug.  This shows that the US regulation of health care organizations has been reduced to Kabuki theatre, detached from reality, and in this case, from what appears to be very clear clinical epidemiological evidence.  As noted above, and by us frequently in the past, as long as the only punishments for bad behavior are fines (paid by the entire organization, not those who authorized, directed or implemented the bad behavior), such "punishments" only modestly add to the cost of doing business, and do not deter future bad behavior.  The continuing bad behavior, indicated in part in the <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/legal%20settlements">parade of legal settlements</a> we have documented, doubtless leads to much of our health care problems, particularly high costs, poor access, poor quality, and demoralized health care professionals. Like a broken record (for anyone who remembers what that means), I repeat...   to really deter bad behavior, those who authorized, directed or implemented bad behavior must be held accountable. As long as they are not, expect the bad behavior to continue. Real health care reform needs to make health care leaders accountable, and especially accountable for the bad behavior that helped make them rich. References 1. Topol EJ. Failing the public health - rofecoxib, Merck and the FDA. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1707-1709.  Link <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp048286">here</a>. 2. Curfman GD, Morrisey S, Drazen JM et al.  Expression of concern reaffirmed. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1193. Link <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe068054">here</a>. 3. Charatan F. Merck to pay $5bn in rofecoxib claims. Brit Med J 2007; 335: 1011. Link <a href="http://www.bmj.com/content/335/7628/1011.1.full">here</a>. 4. Charatan F. Merck to pay $58m in settlements over rofecoxib advertising. Brit Med J 2008; 336: 1208-1209. Link <a href="http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7655/1208.2.full">here</a>. 5. Hill KP, Ross JS, Egilman DS, Krumholz HM. The ADVANTAGE seeding trial: a review of internal documents. Ann Int Med 2008; 149: 251-258. Link<a href="http://www.annals.org/content/149/4/251.full"> here</a>. 6.  Juni P, Nartey L, Reichenbach S et al. Risk of cardiovascular events and rofecoxib: cumulative meta-analysis.  Lancet 2004; 364: 2021-2029.  Link <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673604175144">here</a>. 7.  Ross JS, Madigan D, Hill KP et al.  Pooled analysis of rofecoxib placebo-controlled clinical trial data: lessons for postmarket pharmaceutical safety surveillance.  Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 1976-1984.  Link <a href="http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/169/21/1976">here</a>. 8.  Graham DM, Campen D, Hui R et al.  Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study.  Lancet 2005; 365: 475-481.  Link <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605178647">here</a>.

Merck Admits Little While Settling the Vioxx Case

A week ago, another legal settlement with some noteworthy aspects came marching along. As reported by the Wall Street Journal, here are th...

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In Michigan, Intentional Alteration of Medical Records is a Felony

I addressed the issue of alteration of electronic medical records and the dearth of truly meaningful penalties at posts such as: <blockquote>"<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/09/stroud-v-abington-memorial-hospital-is.html">Stroud v. Abington Memorial Hospital: Is This Why Chart Alteration Might Be Appealing?</a>", "<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/07/on-penalities-for-alteration-of.html">On Penalties for Alteration of Electronic Health Records</a>"</blockquote>and <blockquote>"<a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/09/sweet-death-that-wasnt-very-sweet-how_24.html">UPMC and the Sweet death that wasn't very sweet: How EMRs can detract from a clear narrative, and facilitate spoliation and obfuscation of evidence</a>."</blockquote> A commenter to the latter post led me to another blog where it was pointed out that in Michigan, intentional chart alteration by a healthcare provider <a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-750-492a">is a</a><a href="http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-750-492a"> felony</a> (a criminal act, not just a civil matter), and looks like it has been since the early 1930's. This would apply not just to paper records, but electronic as well, since the advent of HIT did not alter the essentials of medical record keeping: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0in;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0in;">Section 750.492a </td></tr><tr style="min-height: 22.5pt;"><td style="padding: 0in; min-height: 22.5pt;" valign="top"> </td></tr></tbody></table>THE MICHIGAN PENAL CODE (EXCERPT)<div style="text-align: center;">Act 328 of 1931 </div> 750.492a Placing misleading or inaccurate information in medical records or charts; alteration or destruction of medical records or charts; penalties; applicability of subsections (1) and (2); basis for civil action for damages not created.Sec. 492a.(1) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3), a health care provider or other person, knowing that the information is misleading or inaccurate, shall not intentionally, willfully, or recklessly place or direct another to place in a patient's medical record or chart misleading or inaccurate information regarding the diagnosis, treatment, or cause of a patient's condition. A violation of this subsection is punishable as follows:(a) A health care provider who intentionally or willfully violates this subsection is guilty of a felony.(b) A health care provider who recklessly violates this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or a fine of not more than $1,000.00, or both.(c) A person other than a health care provider who intentionally or willfully violates this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or a fine of not more than $1,000.00, or both.(d) A person other than a health care provider who recklessly violates this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor.(2) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3), a health care provider or other person shall not intentionally or willfully alter or destroy or direct another to alter or destroy a patient's medical records or charts for the purpose of concealing his or her responsibility for the patient's injury, sickness, or death. A health care provider who violates this subsection is guilty of a felony. A person other than a health care provider who violates this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or a fine of not more than $1,000.00, or both.(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to either of the following:(a) Destruction of a patient's original medical record or chart if all of the information contained in or on the medical record or chart is otherwise retained by means of mechanical or electronic recording, chemical reproduction, or other equivalent techniques that accurately reproduce all of the information contained in or on the original or by reproduction pursuant to the records media act that accurately reproduces all of the information contained in or on the original.(b) Supplementation of information or correction of an error in a patient's medical record or chart in a manner that reasonably discloses that the supplementation or correction was performed and that does not conceal or alter prior entries.(4) This section does not create or provide a basis for a civil cause of action for damages.History: Add. 1986, Act 184, Eff. Mar. 31, 1987 ;-- Am. 1992, Act 210, Imd. Eff. Oct. 5, 1992 © 2009 Legislative Council, State of Michigan</blockquote> I will be giving some attention to try to make this well-deserved penalty the Law of the Land for electronic medical records. -- SS

In Michigan, Intentional Alteration of Medical Records is a Felony

I addressed the issue of alteration of electronic medical records and the dearth of truly meaningful penalties at posts such as: " Stro...

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"Corruption Kills," So Why Is Health Care Corruption Ignored?

An article published last month by PLoS One(1) emphasizes the stark contrast between the likely impact on health of corruption, including health care corruption, and the attention paid to it.  The Methodologic Details The authors performed an ecological, country-level analysis to assess the association of perceived national corruption level (measured by <a href="http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi">Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index [CPI]</a> using 2008 data) and national mortality rates for children under five years old, controlling for the best known measurable predictors of such mortality.   Their final model included the following other predictors: GDP per capita, people with access to improved water source, people with access to improved sanitation, percentage of rural population, literacy rate, dependency ratio, population density, total health expenditure per capita, health expenditure as percentage of GDP, DTP vaccine coverage, measles vaccine coverage, food supply, presence of equatorial, arid, warm temperate and snow climate on national territory, civil liberties, political rights, national battle-related deaths.  The final model had a pseudo R squared = 0.89, and the addition of CPI to the model increased it by 1.61%. The Results and Implications The results were that corruption explained approximately 1.61% of the variance of country-level child mortality.  This suggested the hypothesis that: <blockquote>roughly 1.6% of world deaths in children could be explained by corruption meaning that, of the annual 8.795 million children deaths, more than 140000 annual children deaths could be indirectly attributed to corruption.</blockquote> The authors emphasized that this was only a hypothesis, and that ecological models are prone to bias. In particular, I would point out that such models can omit variables that are associated with the included variables, but are better predictors, or even true causes of the outcome. Nonetheless, as the authors pointed out, "all the data used in this analysis is the only available to study the problem at this scale." Another problem is that the analysis could not distinguish the effects of health care corruption from those of other kinds of corruption. In the introduction, the authors emphasized what has been written about the importance of health care corruption as having "pejorative health consequences." However, general corruption could also affect health. The authors gave the example of how corruption could affect access to uncontaminated water. Nonetheless, the analysis appears highly plausible, and may be the best possible given the available data. It suggests, as the authors noted, that corruption could causes deaths "that largely exceeds the conspicuous pooled total of cholera, rabies, Ebola, and combat-related deaths." This suggests the big paradox. As the authors put it, <blockquote>because the equation corruption = deaths is seldom explicit, corruption only seems like a nuisance.</blockquote> As we have said, most recently <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/11/will-freeze-of-global-fund-finally-put.html">here</a>, most of the organizations one might have expected would have provided some response to health care corruption instead have largely treated it as at best a nuisance. Specifically, there is almost no teaching or research on corruption in health care academics (including medical and public health schools, and programs in health care research and policy.)  There is almost no mention of corruption by health care professional associations.  There are almost no initiatives to fight corruption on the part of health care charities and donors.  There is almost no interest in corruption among patient advocacy organizations.  (See previous discussion <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/02/after-publicity-about-losses-from.html">here</a>.) Because there is so little interest in and attention to corruption, and particularly health care corruption, there has been little research on it, and therefore the best available estimate of the effect of corruption on health may now be the study by Hanf et al.  I also <a href="http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/11/will-freeze-of-global-fund-finally-put.html">postulated</a> that at least in the US context, this lack of interest in corruption may partially be explained by these organizations' institutional conflicts of interest and the individual conflicts of interest affecting their leaders.  It may be further explained by the exposure of some leaders to the irresponsible, if not amoral culture that now currently pervades finance, which may have in turn been one cause of the great recession, or global financial collapse.  Hanf and collaborators concluded, <blockquote>The global response to child deaths must involve a necessary increase in funds available to 1) develop water and sanitation access and 2) purchase new methods for prevention, management, and treatment of major diseases killing children around the globe (principally pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria). However, without paying attention to the anti-corruption mechanisms needed to ensure their proper use, it will also provide further opportunity for corruption. In practice, donors and governments still treat health, water/sanitation access and corruption as separate rather than integral components of the same strategy. To address these obstacles, designing dedicated indicators at micro and macro levels which monitor efficiently corruption impacts on health and heath related services, is urgently needed. Policies and interventions supported by governments and donors must integrate initiatives that recognise how health and corruption are inter-related.</blockquote> I wonder if the realization that corruption, including health care corruption may be leading to the deaths of children will be enough for academic health care institutions, professional societies, health care charities and donors, and patient advocacy groups to develop "initiatives that recognise how health and corruption are inter-related"? Reference 1.  Hanf M, Van-Melle A, Fraisse F et al. Corruption kills: estimating the global impact of corruption on children deaths.  PLos ONE 2011; 6: e26990. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026990.  Link <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026990">here</a>.

"Corruption Kills," So Why Is Health Care Corruption Ignored?

An article published last month by PLoS One(1) emphasizes the stark contrast between the likely impact on health of corruption, including he...

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